Apr 16: NEW SPECTERS: Mary Warren & Bridget Bishop

Today in Salem: It’s been nearly two weeks since the Proctors’ servant, Mary Warren, said publicly that the other girls were lying. People believed her. She’d been afflicted herself, but after beatings and harshness from her masters, she’d been ”cured,” and posted a note of gratitude on the meeting house door.

The other girls, her former friends, had stood back and listened as she spoke about them. And they’ve shunned her since. But now Mary’s specter is afflicting them, and it’s clear why she said they were lying: she herself is being deceptive. She’s guilty of witchcraft, and using the guise of an innocent person to inflict torment. So today, finally, four of the girls accuse her of using her specter to inflict harm.

Also accused: a Town woman that many had heard of but few in the Village had met: the unruly Bridget Bishop. She’d been in and out of court several times over the years for fighting, calling her husband names on the Sabbath, stealing brass from a local mill owner, and was accused of witchcraft when her abusive husband died and she inherited his large estate (with almost nothing left for their children). That had been several years ago, but the stain has never left her, and now her specter has come back to life.


WHO was Bridget Bishop?

Bridget Bishop, age 60, was an unruly woman who, 20 years earlier, had been brought to court with her husband for fighting. Both of them were fined and ordered to be whipped if they didn’t pay the fine on time. Eight years later they were still fighting, and Bridget was brought to court for calling her husband names like “old rogue” and “old devil” on the Sabbath Day (never mind that he deserved it). This time they were ordered to stand back-to-back in the public marketplace, gagged, with pieces of paper labeled with their offense and fastened to each of their foreheads.

Bridget’s husband died a short time after that, and she inherited his sizable estate, worth about £70. But her daughter and two stepsons received only twenty shillings each. Immediately her stepsons accused her of bewitching their father to death.

Her notoriety continued when repairmen knocked down a cellar wall and found “several poppets made up of rags with hogs’ bristles with headless pins in them with the points outward.” The repairmen never actually produced the poppets – something like today’s voodoo dolls – but their testimony alone was evidence of black magic.

Five years later she was accused by the afflicted girls of the Salem Witchcraft Trials, but history doesn’t tell us what brought her to their attention. The important thing is that no one was surprised, and she quickly became the person the court was most focused on.

NOTE – Bridget is often described as a tavern owner who let loud, young people drink and play “shovel board” until the wee hours. This actually refers to her daughter-in-law, Sarah Bishop, who was also accused of witchcraft.


Tomorrow in Salem: The wild child Abigail Hobbs

Apr 15: A father’s grief

baby in father's hands

Today in Salem the heartbroken constable and his wife are holding their baby, who has just died from the fever and seizures that have been racking her tiny body for two days. Four days ago she was as hale and hearty as any baby could be. But the constable had muttered something against two of the accused witches, and now the worst has happened.

The constable’s brother is the powerful Thomas Putnam, and he and his wife have spent the afternoon trying to console the devastated parents. Their own baby girl had died mysteriously three years ago, left in the care of a farm hand, with their daughter Ann Putnam nearby. Ann was only 9 at the time, but as the oldest daughter she still dissolves into panic and tears whenever it comes up.

Now that same farm hand, John Willard, is a deputy. He’d visited the Putnams and offered to help when Ann was first afflicted, but they’d turned him away. How dare he cross their doorstep?


LEARN MORE: What was the infant mortality rate in colonial New England? How did the Puritans think of it?

In healthy Puritan communities like Andover (right next to Salem), about 10% of children died before their fifth birthday. In less healthy communities, like Boston, up to 30% of children died before they were five. Those were just the averages. The prominent minister Cotton Mather, who played such an important role in the Salem Witchcraft Trials, lost 8 of his 15 children before they were two years old.

The causes? Infants often died of bacterial stomach infections, intestinal worms, epidemic diseases like measles and smallpox, contaminated food and water, and neglect or carelessness.

Puritan views on infant death were complicated. On one hand was the natural affection of a parent toward a child. Cotton Mather called his children “little birds” and gave each of them a pet name. On the other, because childhood death was so common, parents were taught to keep some distance from their children, to see them as “on loan” from God.

Regardless, the death of a child was always met with grief, in the family and in the community, and their loss was often seen as God’s punishment toward the family or community for somehow going astray.


Tomorrow in Salem: NEW SPECTERS: Mary Warren and Bridget Bishop

Apr 14: The constable’s baby sickens

Today in Salem: The constable is stumbling through the day, so tired and distracted that he hardly understands what’s said to him. His two-month-old baby girl was violently ill last night, and he and his wife have hardly slept. In the middle of the night, desperate, he’d asked his mother to come. She’d brought a doctor with her, but there was nothing they could do. They agreed there was an evil hand upon the child.

How did this happen? What did he do to deserve this? He can only think of one thing: the nervous Sarah Cloyce’s examination was three days ago, and she was sent to jail to join her sister, the beloved Rebecca Nurse. After the examination the constable had said he wasn’t surprised they were witches, since their mother was one, too.

It seemed like such an easy comment. He could have said much worse. But still: Were Sarah Cloyce and her sister Rebecca Nurse angry? Were they sending their specters to hurt the baby in revenge?


Tomorrow in Salem: A father’s grief

Apr 13: This WEEK in Salem

Need to catch up? Here’s a snapshot of where we are in the story of Salem.

SUMMARY

Six women are sharing a single cell in the dark, lice-ridden jail, with one man in the men’s cell. It’s so crowded that they’re being transferred to the equally dismal jail in Boston, where three other prisoners have been for weeks. None of the ten prisoners has had a trial yet, though, and won’t until the governor arrives from London.
The witchcraft hysteria is beginning to spread to nearby towns, with several people afflicted, and one person in jail. So the judges have realized that the witchcraft problem is bigger than they can handle, and they’ve enlisted the help of legal assistants in Boston.


WHAT HAPPENED THIS WEEK

The jail keeper finally took pity on the beggar Sarah Good’s baby and pushed two thin blankets through the jail cell’s bars.

The harsh John Proctor and his quarrelsome wife Elizabeth put their bickering aside and said an intimate farewell before she was sent to jail. One day later, John was examined and sent to jail as well.

The nervous Sarah Cloyce was also examined and sent to jail, where she was reunited with her sister, the beloved Rebecca Nurse.

Salem jail is now so crowded that several people had to be transferred to the jail in Boston.


WHO’S WHERE

ACCUSED
Giles Corey (he doesn’t know it yet)

ARRESTED
• (No one new)

IN JAIL (10 people)
NEWSarah Cloyce (nervous) – Rebecca Nurse’s younger sister. She’d stormed out of church, which sparked people to question whether innocent people were being accused.
NEWElizabeth Proctor (quarrelsome) – an opinionated tavern owner, married to the respected but harsh John Proctor
NEWJohn Proctor (harsh) – A farmer and tavern owner, opinionated and sometimes overbearing, but respected

Martha Corey (gospel woman) – a slightly arrogant church member
Dorcas Good (4 years old) – the daughter of the beggar Sarah Good
Sarah Good (beggar) with her baby – a vagrant who smokes a pipe and has a terrible temper
Rebecca Nurse (beloved) – a 70-year-old grandmother who is well-loved throughout the community
Sarah Osborne (sickly) – a scandal-ridden woman who married her servant and is trying to take her sons’ inheritance
Tituba (slave) – the minister’s slave who was the first to be accused and the first to confess
• A woman in a nearby town, where the affliction has spread.

TRIED & SENTENCED
• (No one … yet)

EXECUTED
• (No one … yet)


Tomorrow in Salem: The constable’s baby sickens

Apr 12: SENT TO JAIL: John Proctor

Today in Salem: Rev Parris’s dog is under the table, resting his head on his front paws and lying on Parris’s feet. The dog is the only spot of calm in the room, though, as Parris tries to transcribe the court’s proceedings.

tired dog

It’s impossible, though. Parris’s own niece, Abigail Williams, is shrieking and convulsing and crying so dramatically that Parris can’t concentrate. She’s 11 years old, and yet somehow she’s louder than the teenage girls. The only person who’s even louder is the slave John Indian. Yesterday the schoolmaster had threatened him fiercely, and John had promised that his fits wouldn’t happen again. But now he’s back, more forcefully than before, and it takes 4 men to control him.

The harsh John Proctor was arrested yesterday during his wife’s examination, and less than 24 hours later the magistrates have brought him here for his own. But he’s hardly spoken when John Indian shouts that Proctor’s specter is on the dog’s back. The girls contort and gasp, pointing as the specter moves from the dog to the magistrate’s lap.

The judges have barely questioned Proctor, but they don’t need to. His specter is obviously tormenting people, right here and now. They send him back to jail to wait for a trial.

By now the Salem jail is so crowded that several prisoners are sent to Boston. Among them: the gospel woman Martha Corey. Her husband, the cantankerous Giles Corey, promises to visit her next week. And he will, but not in the way he thinks.


LEARN MORE: Why did Rev Parris have a dog with him in court? Did people in early colonial America have pets?

The Pilgrims on the Mayflower brought with them two dogs: a mastiff and an English spaniel, who not only survived the journey, but feasted during the first Thanksgiving. But they probably weren’t coddled the way pets are today. Still, Massachusetts published the first laws in America preventing cruelty toward animals, saying that “No man shall exercise any Tirranny or Crueltie towards any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for man’s use.”

The mastiff continued to be the most popular dog during colonial times. Often, the family dog was tied up outside a front door and used as a guard dog. But many family dogs were treated more companionably and went everywhere with their owners, even to church.

Cats also arrived on the Mayflower (and every ship thereafter), and were expected to earn their keep by hunting pests and vermin. They came and went as they liked and were treated more like working animals than pets. Today, cats are the second most popular pet in the United States … behind dogs, with mastiffs being the 33rd most popular breed.


Tomorrow in Salem: This WEEK in Salem

Apr 11: INDICTED: Sarah Cloyce & Elizabeth Proctor. ARRESTED: John Proctor.

Today in Salem: The slave John Indian is literally hanging on by his teeth, riding on the back of a horse and biting the man in front of him to keep from falling off. John’s hands are tied together, though no one knows who did it or why. And now, with the horse nearly trotting, John’s balance is precarious.

hands tied with rope

His bite is sudden, though, and hard, and when the horse’s rider shouts and elbows him, another horse pulls up. It’s the schoolmaster, who bellows and hits John Indian over and over with a stick until John, a slave, rights himself and promises it won’t happen again.

The horses and men are part of a larger group that has just left the meeting house, where the nervous Sarah Cloyce and the quarrelsome Elizabeth Proctor have been examined. In fact, John Indian had testified extensively against both women. His testimony, in addition to the afflicted girls’ usual fits and accusations, had sent both women to jail. And when Elizabeth’s husband John Proctor muttered that he’d beat the Devil out of John Indian if he could, Proctor was immediately arrested, too.

The schoolmaster is a friend of the Proctors, and between John Indian’s testimony, the arrests, and now the biting and thrashing, he’s none too patient. He’d beat the Devil out of the girls, too, if he could.


Tomorrow in Salem: SENT TO JAIL: John Proctor

Apr 8: ARRESTED: the quarrelsome Elizabeth Proctor & the nervous Sarah Cloyce

sad women hugging

Today in Salem: Elizabeth Proctor is a large woman, and the small pillion saddle is hardly comfortable. But she is a suspected witch after all, and her comfort isn’t of great importance to the Marshall, who has arrested her and is now transporting her to jail.

He’s already arrested and delivered Sarah Cloyce, who cried when she saw her sister, the beloved Rebecca Nurse. They’re now sharing a cell with the officious gospel woman Martha Corey, and will soon be joined by Elizabeth.

The men’s cell is empty, but not for long. For the last two nights a 23-year-old farmer has been tormented by the specters of the harsh John Proctor and his wife, along with the cantankerous Giles Corey and his wife. Neither man has heard about it yet, but their specters have hurt the farmer’s foot so badly that he can’t even put his shoe on.


Tomorrow in Salem: INDICTED: Sarah Cloyce & Elizabeth Proctor. ARRESTED: John Proctor.

Apr 7: TOGETHER: John & Elizabeth Proctor

knotted rope like a heart

Tonight in Salem: Elizabeth Proctor buries her nose into her husband’s neck and inhales deeply. He smells like sweat, and dirt, and the weight of him pulls her against him. John is harsh during the day, and Elizabeth can be quarrelsome, but at night they’ve always moved together in an easy rhythm.

John and Elizabeth have heard the rumors, and they know what’s about to happen. If not tomorrow, then the next day, she will be arrested for witchcraft, then examined before the magistrates. It doesn’t matter that John says the afflicted girls are lying, or that his own servant, Mary Warren, has said the same. If anything, that could make the afflicted girls even more strident in their accusations.

Elizabeth will almost certainly be sent to jail. How long will she languish there? When will they be together again? What about the littlest children, only 3 and 6? So many questions, and so few answers. All they can do is cling together and hope.


LEARN MORE: What did the Puritans think about sex? Did they think it was a sin?

The Bible was the source of Puritan beliefs about sex. It gave them a long list of sexual activities to avoid, including self-pleasure, adultery, homosexuality, and fornication. The Puritans were not without compassion, though, and when offenses did occur, they often looked the other way. After all, men who came to America had often left their wives behind in England; but they hadn’t left their urges. Likewise indentured servants, who were frequently young men with no attachments. Women were also treated less severely, especially if they were widows or young servants with few prospects.

The Puritans fully embraced the passions of marital sex, though. The Bible says a couple owes it to one another, that they must cherish one another intimately, and solace each other with the ”signs and tokens of love and kindness” – which was often inferred to mean kissing. In fact, it’s been said that the Puritans were the founders of romance in marriage. In a time when marriage often began as a civic partnership, joyful sex helped couples bond together in an affectionate and loving relationship.


Tomorrow in Salem: ARRESTED: the quarrelsome Elizabeth Proctor and the nervous Sarah Cloyce

Apr 6: Cold and hungry: the beggar Sarah Good’s baby

baby's hands

Today in Salem: The beggar Sarah Good is snarling at the jail keeper and hugging her baby girl tightly, trying to soothe her crying. Until yesterday Sarah’s had nothing but her own thin shift to wrap around the baby for warmth.

Last night, after a month of Sarah’s demands, the jail keeper had finally pushed two small blankets through the iron bars.

“You should be grateful,” he says, jabbing his finger at her.

Grateful? She’s chained to the wall, she’s been cold and hungry for a month, and her once chubby baby is now thin. Now, finally, the jail keeper has given her two tiny, threadbare blankets, and what’s more, is charging her 10 shillings for them.

He’s the one who should be grateful.


Tomorrow in Salem: TOGETHER: John & Elizabeth Proctor

Apr 5: This WEEK in Salem

Need to catch up? Here’s a snapshot of where we are in the story of Salem.

WHAT HAPPENED THIS WEEK

We met two new people: a man and his servant. The extremely tall and somewhat violent George Jacobs Sr. causes a disturbance and claims the girls are lying. His servant, Sarah Churchill, is another refugee from the wars in Maine and is afraid of him. She’s sitting with the afflicted girls.

The servant Mary Warren also says the girls are lying. She was part of the group, but after the Proctors (her masters) threatened her, she’s been cured.

Two women have been formally accused: Sarah Cloyce (Rebecca Nurse’s sister, who slammed the church door) and Elizabeth Proctor (the quarrelsome tavern owner and wife of John Proctor). The magistrates are holding off on arresting them until they can enlist help from Boston officials.

The Reverend Samuel Parris again hasn’t been paid, and hasn’t been since July. He’s being passive aggressive in his sermons to call out those who are evil.

The royally appointed governor William Phips is on his way home from London and has no idea what’s waiting for him.

WHO’S WHERE

ACCUSED
Sarah Cloyce (angry) – Rebecca Nurse’s younger sister. She’d stormed out of church, and people began to question whether innocent people were being accused
Elizabeth Proctor (quarrelsome) – an opinionated tavern owner, married to the respected but harsh John Proctor

ARRESTED
• (No one new)

IN JAIL
Martha Corey (gospel woman) – a slightly arrogant church member
Dorcas Good (4 years old) – the daughter of the beggar Sarah Good
Sarah Good (beggar) with her baby – a vagrant who smokes a pipe and has a terrible temper
Rebecca Nurse (beloved) – a 70-year-old grandmother who is well-loved throughout the community
Sarah Osborne (sickly) – a scandal-ridden woman who married her servant and is trying to take her sons’ inheritance
Tituba (slave) – the minister’s slave who was the first to be accused and the first to confess

TRIED & SENTENCED
• (No one … yet)

EXECUTED
• (No one … yet)


Tomorrow in Salem: Cold and hungry: the beggar Sarah Good’s baby